It is not a cure. B.A., History and Educational Psychology, University of Exeter. A quarter of people with schizophrenia (Total 4 marks) 11 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. (1988) has found a gene located on chromosome 5 which has been linked in a small number of extended families where they have the disorder. He used MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to obtain pictures of the brain structure of MZ twins in which one twin was schizophrenic. For example, Ripke et al. (2007) three genes: COMT, DRD4, AKT1 have all been associated with excess dopamine in specific D2 receptors, leading to acute episodes, positive symptoms which include delusions, hallucinations, strange attitudes. DSM) should arrive at the same diagnosis for the same individual. Catatonia- staying in position for hours/days on end, cut off from the world. Her psychiatrist wants to change her medication from typical antipsychotics to one of the atypical antipsychotics and has also suggested cognitive behavioural therapy", What do the data in Table 1 seem to show about the effectiveness of typical and atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia? However, group Bs scores suggest a positively skewed distribution as the mean (26) is higher than both the median (22.5) and the mode (16). Preconscious thought (thought that occurs without awareness) contains a huge amount of information from our senses that would normally be filtered. The Diathesis Stress model of schizophrenia is part of the interactionist approach that see's schizophrenia developing due to an interaction between the biological (diathesis) and the environmental (stress) influences. These might include things as simple as turning up the TV to drown out the voices they were hearing! Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! It could be that the problems caused by low neurotransmitters creates the cognitive deficits. Those who do not have the schizogene would not develop schizophrenia, even if they experienced a chronically stressful upbringing. B: behavior how do you react in these situations ? including dysfunctional thought processing. Atypical antipsychotic drugs work on negative symptoms, improving mood, cognitive functions and reducing depression and anxiety. Faris and Dunham (1939) found clear pattern of correlation between inner city environments and levels of psychosis. Economic Benefits: Family therapy is highly cost effective because it reduces relapse rates, so the patients are less likely to take up hospital beds and resources. Berger (1965), however this evidence may be unreliable because the patients recall may be effected by the dis-order e.g. Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. Meehl suggested that the vulnerability is genetic (the result of a schizogene), causing a sensitive personality. Mischler & Waxler (1968) found significant differences in the way mothers spoke to their schizophrenic daughters compared to their normal daughters, which suggests that dysfunctional communication may be a result of living with the schizophrenic rather than the cause of the disorder. You MUST revise everything because the exam board could choose any question, however, it does make sense to spend more time on those topics which have not appeared for a while. Schizophrenia is a multi-factorial trait as it is the result of multiple genes and environmental factors. Given that a much lower number of genes exist than anticipated, it is now recognised that genes have multiple functions and that many genes behavior. Help the patient realise it is normal to have negative thoughts in certain situations. Communication skills training teach family to listen, to express emotions and to discuss things. Describe the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia and explain how. A strength of the cognitive explanation is that it has practical applications. A second weakness is the problem of nature-v-Nurture. Research in Hampshire, by Kingdon and Kirschen (2006) found that CBT is not suitable for all patients, especially those who are too thought disorientated or agitated, who refuse medication, or who are too paranoid to form trusting alliances with practitioners. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. Cognitive approaches examine how people think, how they process information. Delusions are false beliefs. Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education. Family therapies may improve the quality of life for schizophrenia patients and their families, but do not provide a cure for schizophrenia, rather a management of the effects. Schizophrenics returning to such a family were more likely to relapse into the disorder than those returning to a family low in EE. (Total 16 marks) Symptom targeting: a specific symptom is selected for which a particular coping strategy can be devised Avolition: Lack of volition (i.e. Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. When the families were rated as healthy, the likelihood of developing schizophrenia for those with a biological mother with schizophrenia fell to below 1%. Voices are usually heard coming from outside the persons head giving instructions on how to behave. Clozapine targets multiple neurotransmitters, not just dopamine, and has been shown to be more effective than other antipsychotics, although the possibility of severe side effects in particular, loss of the white blood cells that fight infection. Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness where contact with reality and insight are impaired, an example of psychosis. When desired behavior is displayed eg. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Newer drugs, called atypical antipsychotics attempt to target D2 dopamine activity in the limbic system but not D3 receptors in other parts of the brain. High dopamine activity leads to acute episodes, and positive symptoms which include: delusions, hallucinations, confused thinking. Comorbidity describes people who suffer from two or more mental disorders. Credit should be awarded for one type in some detail or for two (or more) done briefly. Biological explanations for schizophrenia can be criticised for being biologically reductionist. McMonagle and Sultana (2000) reviewed token economy regimes over a 15-year period, finding that they did reduce negative symptoms, though it was unclear if behavioral changes were maintained beyond the treatment programme. First, the adoptees study method, the index offspring of adopting-away schizo The differences were so large the schizophrenic twins could be easily identified from the brain images in 12 out of 15 pairs. Evidence to support this view comes from the prospective adoption study by Tienari et al. Prolonged exposure to such interactions prevents the development of an internally coherent construction of reality; in the long run, this manifests itself as typically schizophrenic symptoms such as flattening affect, delusions and hallucinations, incoherent thinking and speaking, and in some cases paranoia. Tarrier (2005) reviewed trials of CBT, finding evidence of reduced symptoms, especially positive ones, and lower relapse rates. The harmful effects on the child may go completely unacknowledged or be minimized. An example is Clozapine which is used when other drugs have failed, due to the risk of agranulocytosis (a potentially fatal blood condition). blended family a family unit composed of a married couple and their offspring including some from previous marriages. Further support comes from the fact that dopamine agonists (e.g. Large doses of amphetamine given to people with no history of psychological disorders produce behavior which is very similar to paranoid schizophrenia. They are also encouraged to evaluate the content of their delusions or of any internal voices they hear and to consider ways in which they might test the validity of their faulty beliefs. found 108 separate genetic variations were associated with increased risk of schizophrenia. To stabilize the social authority of the doctor and the family. Bateson et al. Sometimes when people with schizophrenia become depressed, so it is common to prescribe anti-depressants at the same time as the anti-psychotics. (1956) suggested the double bind theory, which suggests that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. It is therefore prescribed when the patient is at risk of suicide. Scheff (1966) points out that diagnosis classification labels the individual, and this can have many adverse effects, such as a self-fulfilling prophecy (patients may begin to act how they are expected to act), and lower self-esteem. They cannot express their feelings about the unfairness of the situation. As this is not the case family dysfunctions cannot be the sole cause ofthe illness. 3x sold. A weakness of the family relationsships appraoch is that there is a problem of cause and effect. How could the researchers modify their study to deal with this problem? This is a useful point to emphasise in any essay on the disorder. 214 High Street, Psychologists use the DSM and ICD to diagnose a patient with schizophrenia. Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. The NICE review of family therapy studies demonstrated that it was associated with significant cost savings when offered to patients alongside the standard care Relapse rates are also lower which suggests the savings could be even higher. The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. If there is more than one individual in the scenario you must mention all of the characters to get to the top band. Schizophrenia 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) Description AQA A Level Schizophrenia: 16-marker plans for the explanations and treatments of schizophrenia aqa a level psychology schizophrenia a2 psychology aqa a level psychology- 16-mark question plans as level Note by Grace Fawcitt, updated more than 1 year ago 2915 8 0 Resource summary This creates problems of reliability. Falloon et al (1996) stress such as divorce or bereavement, causes the brain to be flooded with neurotransmitters which brings on the acute episode. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Negative symptoms are a diminution or loss of normal functions such as psychomotor disturbances, avolition (the reduction of goal-directed behavior), disturbances of mood and thought disorders. ), empirical (where is the evidence?) By oversimplifying schizophrenia in terms of genes and neurotransmitters, the social context within which it develops has not been considered. Gottesman (1991) has found that schizophrenia is more common in the biological relatives of a schizophrenic, and that the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk. In order to explain schizophrenia effectively it would be better to take an interactionist approach, such as the diathesis stress model. Research indicates their attention skills may be deficient they often appear easily distracted. Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. desire): in which a person becomes totally apathetic and sits around waiting for things to happen. Pharaoh et al. This suggests that gaining an insight into family relationships allows psychiatric professionals to help improve the quality of patients lives. Desirable behavior includes self-care, taking medication, work skills, and treatment participation. an excess or distortion of normal functions: including hallucinations and MZ twins share 100% of their genes, compared to DZ twins who only share 50% of their genes, so this suggests that genes must have some influence on the development of schizophrenia. This suggests that biological factors predispose someone to schizophrenia, but this has to be triggered by some sort of experience or stressor. Antipsychotic drugs are weakened by the fact that they have severe side-effects. This demonstrates the high reliability of the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia using up-to-date classification. This suggests that the research therefore does not protect individuals from harm. Heather (1976) there is only a 50% chance of predicting what treatment a patient will receive based on diagnosis, suggesting that diagnosis is not valid. Brown and Birley (1968) 50% people who had an acute schizophrenic episode had experienced a major life event in 3 weeks prior. Requires self-awareness and willingness to engage Held back by the symptoms schizophrenics encounter It is an ineffective treatment likely to lead to disengagement. Although this study showed that children with a biological parent were still at greater risk even if they had been adopted into families with no history of schizophrenia, all reported cases of schizophrenia occurred in families rated as disturbed. For the classification system to be reliable, differfent clinicians using the same system (e.g. These refer to the latest editions of the two classification systems. All patients are in danger of relapsing but without medication the relapses are more common and more severe which suggests the drugs are effective. Melzer (2012) concluded that Clozapine is effective in 30-50% of cases where other drugs have failed, supporting its use in schizophrenia treatment. CBT may involve challenging the validity of beliefs, which may interfere with freedom of thought. The reason for this is because if the individual does have large ventricles then does it really mean that they will develop schizophrenia? [2 marks] It also seems to be aetiologically heterogeneous as different studies have identified different candidate genes. The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). First, cognitive deficits which are impairments in thought processes such as perception, memory and attention. Classification and diagnosis does have advantages as it allows doctors to communicate more effectively about a patient and use similar terminology when discussing them. The ventricles of a person with schizophrenia are on average about 15% bigger than normal (Torrey, 2002). This weakens the interactionist explanation. If family dynamics were the sole cause of schizophrenia, then all children raised in similar environments should be schizophrenic. Validity the extent to which schizophrenia is a unique syndrome with characteristics, signs and symptoms. Clozapine acts in a similar way to Chlorpromazine, but also acts on serotonin and glutamate receptors. This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. (1990). The technique alleviates negative symptoms such as poor motivation, and nurses subsequently view patients more positively, which raises staff morale and has beneficial outcomes for patients. Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Research by Miyakawa et al. Make sure you know which is which, for example do you understand the difference between genetic explanation and neural correlates explanation, and do you have a model essay for each? Most importantly, families can make the schizophrenic feel loved, accepted and valued. Bentalls meta-analysis (2012) shows that stress arising from abuse in childhood increases the risk of developing schizophrenia. Token economies raise ethical issues. [8 marks] The fact that jack could never talk to his mum shows a symptom of schizophrenia, that fact that he displays lack of speech. Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. 2. a taxonomic category below an order and above a genus. CBT is rarely used without drug therapy, suggesting it is not enough on its own to treat schizophrenia. Let the patient develop their own alternatives to their previous maladaptive behavior by looking at coping strategies and alternative explanations. Schizophrenia Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Both aspect of diathesis-stress must be present to develop the disorder. LS23 6AD Cognitive biases refer to selective attention. Broadcasting is a thought disorder whereby a person believes their thoughts are being broadcast to others, for example over the radio or through TV. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or both during their childhood. To form identical twins, one fertilised egg (ovum) splits and develops two babies with exactly the same genetic information. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, psychological explanation for schizophrenia, psychological explanations for schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - SS2 - Explanations - Socio-Cultural - Research, I need help on this A Level AQA psychology 16 marker please , A-Level Psychology Revision Tips and Tricks , comparing biological explanation of SZ with family dysfunction , Family dysfunction model of schizophrenia , aqa alevel psychology paper 3 2022 predictions? Turkington et al. Essentially due to . For example, schizophrenia and depression are often found together.
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