On January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded, and seven astronauts lost their lives. To trace the movement of ethnic groups, what TWO things do geographers focus on? * Diasporic people, The landscape formed by the ethnicities living in that area. When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, tap "retry" to try those cards again. Genocide is a premeditated effort to kill everyone from a particular ethnic group. The years since the Civil War have shown a pattern of attempted disenfranchisement, with gerrymandering and voter suppression efforts aimed at predominantly minority neighborhoods. (In fact, many Japanese Americans continued to demonstrate their loyalty to the United States by serving in the U.S. military during the War.) AP Human Geography is an introductory college-level human geography course. Ethnicity, like race, continues to be an identification method that individuals and institutions use todaywhether through the census, affirmative action initiatives, nondiscrimination laws, or simply in day-to-day personal relations. As part of an ongoing land conflict, the Sudanese government and their state-sponsored Janjaweed militia have led a campaign of killing, forced displacement, and systematic rape of Darfuri people. There is also the situation in Yemen, where Saudi Arabia is bombing cities and towns using U.S. weaponry to target Iranian militants has killed over 10,000 people and over 40,000 injured as of 2019. Albert Practice Questions. Ethnic enclaves as we know them today first developed during the 19th century in industrial cities. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Only after decades of degradation, violent uprisings, and international advocacy was apartheid finally abolished. To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity. The social construction of race is also reflected in the way names for racial categories change with changing times. De jure segregation occurred in the United States for many years after the Civil War. Settlers also enslaved Native Americans and forced them to give up their religious and cultural practices. Even after segregation was legally abolished in 1964, forced segregation was maintained in many cities by policies of redlining, in which people who lived within certain neighborhoods automatically could not qualify for the home loans needed to get out of that ghetto. Assimilation is antithetical to the salad bowl created by pluralism; rather than maintaining their cultural flavor, subordinate cultures give up their traditions in order to conform to their new environment. Greatly improved transportation technology (like steamships) let these people move in massive numbers and with relatively little preparation. In either case, the stereotype is a generalization that does not take individual differences into account. Pluralism is represented by the ideal of the United States as a salad bowl: a great mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the flavor of the whole. By looking at the relationships between cultural groups and their physical geography it is possible to find . to send you a reset link. This is often done for common protection and advancement opportunities that are not easy to obtain outside the community and usually because of the availability of financial resources or other types of capital like excess labor. Identity as member of a nation/state; Legal status (citizenship); Allegiance (loyalty) to a nation/state. While not an official demographic used or recognized by the United States Census Bureau, Appalachian Americans, due to various factors, have developed their own distinct culture within larger social groupings.Included are their own dialect, music, folklore, and even sports teams as in the case of the Appalachian League.Furthermore, many colleges and universities now grant degrees in . For example, consider apartheid in South Africa, in which a numerical majority (the black inhabitants of the country) were exploited and oppressed by the white minority. In fact, the word ghetto originates from the Venetian term for the walled-off part of the city where Jews had to live. A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood. The idea of race refers to superficial physical differences that a particular society considers significant, while ethnicity describes shared culture. A suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic group. Maximize, P=x1+2x2+3x3\quad P=x_1+2 x_2+3 x_3 The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to create an ethnically homogenous region. Chinese people have been frequently limited by the ethnic majorities in these countries from maintaining positions in politics. Ethnic enclaves are formed in a variety of ways, but occur when people from a common ethnic background move close together in a new country. Most people in the United States have immigrant ancestors. Amazon Rainforest Deforestation Causes & Effects | Why Is Deforestation Happening? Some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. Language assimilation, in particular, can be a formidable barrier, limiting employment and educational options and therefore constraining growth in socioeconomic status. A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other. For example, the disproportionate number of black men arrested, charged, and convicted of crimes may reflect racial profiling, a form of institutional racism. In the United States, recent immigrants have frequently been the scapegoat for the nationsor an individualswoes. Stateless nation A group of people with a common political identity who do not have a territorially defined, sovereign country of their own Red lining While most white people are willing to admit that nonwhite people live with a set of disadvantages due to the color of their skin, very few are willing to acknowledge the benefits they receive. Also known as circular migration, The process by which immigrant ethnic groups lose certain aspects of their traditional culture in the process of settling overseas, creating a new culture that is less complex than the old. Prejudice and discrimination can overlap and intersect in many ways. Why? Ethnic enclaves can form in a variety of ways, due to multiple factors, and are generally classified as either voluntary or involuntary ethnic enclaves. Cultural traits; Identity with people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. The concept of an ethnic enclave does imply some degree of choice, but we should acknowledge segregated communities that are formed without choice. This culture might include shared language, religion, and traditions, among other commonalities. Multiethnic State. Involves more than physical characteristics associated with race; also includes a person's perceived social and cultural identity. Assimilation describes the process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture. 2013). Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. In the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 in 1942, after the Japanese governments attack on Pearl Harbor. deep south area that stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier which had the highest concentration of slaves, Regional Cultural Distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland, an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background, a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions, the status of belonging to a particular nation by birth or naturalization, migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there, letters from immigrants in the United States to frends and relitives in the old country, which spurred further immigration, the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area, the voluntary movements of immigrants back to their place of origin. Groups living in involuntary ethnic enclaves often experience challenges to social mobility, income, or employment opportunities, and may face discrimination related to housing, education, and available government support for services and infrastructure. In turn, the AP Human Geography exam focuses on how religion impacts elements of the cultural landscape, so focus your studies on how aspects of a religion affect the way people interact with each other. Shared geography, language, and religion can often, but not always, factor into ethnic group categorizations. A functionalist might look at functions and dysfunctions caused by racial inequality. Genocide is not just a historical concept; it is practiced today. The 20th Century was also the deadliest century, regarding war, in human history. Involuntary ethnic enclaves are largely the opposite of voluntary ethnic enclaves. The prevalence of ethnic enclaves is relatively recent and their general concept was first developed by Kenneth Wilson and Alejandro Portes in reference to Cubans in Miami during the early 1980s. Important because this was the first settlement in Utah. \end{aligned} Chinese traders and business people have developed trading posts that evolved into more substantial settlements as time passed. (n.) the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. The Course Description of the AP Human Geography lets you know that you have to distinguish between ethnic and universalizing religions. Prejudiced discriminators include those who actively make disparaging remarks about others or who perpetrate hate crimes. To illustrate, here are four examples of how prejudice and discrimination can occur. Ethnicity: Refers to a group of people who share a common identity. An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. Alternatively, some researchers have instead focused on migrants and people of similar ethnic backgrounds residing in the same communities. An example of an ethnic enclave is the Chinatown in San Francisco. People with high levels of melanin may consider themselves white if they enjoy a middle-class lifestyle. Terms of Service. Historical accounts suggest that between 1824 and 1908, white settlers killed more than 10,000 native Aborigines in Tasmania and Australia (Tatz 2006). The indices employ a scale from zero to 100, where zero is the most integrated and 100 is the least. Like Yemen, there is now growing concern that the civil war will create a nationwide famine. For example, ethnic groups such as Irish, Italian American, Russian, Jewish, and Serbian might all be groups whose members are predominantly included in the white racial category. A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. UExcel Introduction to Sociology: Study Guide & Test Prep, ILTS Social Science - Sociology and Anthropology (249) Prep, UExcel Life Span Developmental Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Developmental Psychology: Certificate Program, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Help and Review, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Homework Help Resource, UExcel World Population: Study Guide & Test Prep, Middle Level Social Studies: Help & Review, NYSTCE English Language Arts (003): Practice and Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. Make sure to remember your password. Language Development & Diffusion | What are the Most Spoken Languages? Was there a deliberate attempt to manipulate public opinion? New York also had ethnic enclaves for immigrating Greek, Polish, Jewish, German, and Irish communities, amongst others. Ethnic enclaves are important parts of the American cultural landscape, especially when considering some of the potential political and moral consequences of actions like redlining, in which people who lived within certain neighborhoods automatically could not qualify for the home loans needed to get out of that ghetto. However, for the rest of the year, other aspects of their originating culture may be forgotten. These definitions correlate to the concept that the dominant group is that which holds the most power in a given society, while subordinate groups are those who lack power compared to the dominant group. In the ensuing trial, he was found not guilty (CNN Library 2014). an American whose first language is Spanish, an artificial language based on words common to the Romance languages. Check out this image appearing on your screen right now. An example from the last century is the way Adolf Hitler was able to blame the Jewish population for Germanys social and economic problems. In the late nineteenth century, it was not uncommon for business owners to hang signs that read, Help Wanted: No Irish Need Apply. Moreover, southern Jim Crow laws, with their Whites Only signs, exemplified overt discrimination that is not tolerated today. BLM Goals, Accomplishments & History | What is the Black Lives Matter Movement? Ethnic Cleansing History & Examples | What is Ethnic Cleansing? Segregation refers to the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in the workplace and social functions. Amalgamation is the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group. Erie's Public Schools / Erie's Public Schools | Erie Pennsylvania A group of people with a common political identity who do not have a territorially defined, sovereign country of their own. Truly involuntary enclaves are generally referred to as ghettos (although it should be noted that academics disagree as to whether ghettos qualify as enclaves or not). Consider the casually racist imagery on grocery store shelves or the stereotypes that fill popular movies and advertisements.
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